Thus, in the ruby crystal, the light energy is continuously accumulated, which leaves its boundaries through one of the end semitransparent mirror surfaces in the form of a sizzling red beam a million times the brightness of the sun’s ray in brightness. At the same time, the quality of the beam can be much higher than that of the pump source, so that such a laser acts as an effective brightness converter. The energy efficiency can be quite high, such that a quantum defect can be small for typical pump schemes, where pumping from the ground state uses transmission with a buffer gas (eg ethane) to a nearby upper laser level. Such lasers can be pumped with semiconductor lasers. Lasers based on vapors of alkali metalsĪlkaline lasers on the vapor of elements such as cesium or rubidium. Since the ruby crystal is a rod whose end surfaces are made in the form of two reflecting mirrors, then reflecting from the ends of the ruby, the “red” wave will again pass through the crystal and in its path each time will involve in the radiation process an increasing number of new particles At the second energy level. If we now illuminate the activated ruby crystal with a weak red light (this photon corresponds to the transition from II to the ground state), then the “red” quanta seem to push the excited chromium ions, and they will pass from the second energy level to the first one. In the presence of sufficient intense exciting radiation, it is possible to obtain at the second level more electrons than remained on the ground. Most of the absorbed energy passes to the intermediate (II) level. The probability of their transition to the second level is greater than the first. The electrons of chromium atoms can return to the ground state either directly from the third level to the first level or through the intermediate (II) level. The excited electrons have enough absorbed energy to go to the upper (III) energy level. These “green” quanta are immediately absorbed by the chromium electrons located at the lower energy level (I). To activate the ruby and bring the chromium atoms into the “working” state, a spiral lamp is pumped onto the crystal – pumping, operating in a pulsed mode and giving a powerful green light emission. The possible energy state of chromium ions can be represented in the form of three levels (I, II and III). They are the amplifiers of visible light waves and the source of laser radiation. Atoms of chromium are an active substance of a ruby crystal.Ĭhemistry Zumdahl, 7 ed. According to the chemical structure, ruby is aluminum oxide with an admixture (0.5%) of chromium. Suppose that the authors hint at the ruby (page 971 of a chemical textbook), which is used in laser technology and bijou. In Mainecraft, the Red Stone traditionally possesses the properties of transmission and storage and management of electrical circuits.

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Milk alchemistry